Convergence

Principle

Independent systems evolve similar characteristics in stable environments. • Designs converge to optimal strategies over time. • Stable environments support refinement, volatile ones drive innovation. • Analogies from nature (e.g., flight evolution) inform design.

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Cost-Benefit

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Aesthetic-Usability Effect

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Development Cycle

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Comparison

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Most Average Facial Appearance Effect

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Fitts' Law

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